What is the highest risk of humans acquiring the Herpesvirus simiae (B-virus)?

The highest risk of humans acquiring the Herpesvirus simiae (B-virus) is associated with the bite of a macaque. This virus is primarily found in these primates, and bites can introduce the virus directly into the bloodstream, providing a direct route for infection. The macaque's saliva is also capable of transmitting the virus, particularly if a bite results in a break in the skin or creates an open wound.

B-virus can be serious and even fatal to humans, which highlights the importance of understanding how to protect oneself when interacting with macaques, especially in research settings. It is crucial for personnel working with or around these animals to be aware of the risks and take appropriate safety measures to reduce exposure. Other routes of exposure, such as aerosol exposure to saliva and urine or conducting procedures like mouth pipetting in a laboratory, are not typically associated with the same level of risk as a direct bite from an infected animal. Using primary cell cultures also doesn't present the immediate risk of viral introduction typically seen with bites.