What process is typically used to remove hardness from water?

The process of removing hardness from water is commonly achieved through ion exchange. In water treatment, hardness is primarily caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium ions. The ion exchange method involves passing hard water through a resin that is charged with sodium ions. As the water flows through the resin, the calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged for sodium ions. This effectively reduces the hardness of the water, making it softer and more suitable for various uses, particularly in household applications such as laundry and dishwashing.

Ion exchange is highly effective and widely utilized in water softening systems because it not only targets the specific ions causing hardness but also provides a way to continue treating water as it flows through the system. Other methods, such as filtration or flocculation, may not specifically address the hardness-causing ions in the same direct and efficient manner as ion exchange does.